A new study in Nature Communications by a team of researchers from the National Institute of Amazonian Research (INPA) and the University of Washington reveals that cross-pollinating and crossing over are the most important barriers to the success of two species of birds.
The researchers found that the chance of successfully crossing a species is actually twice as great as what you would expect and that the rate of success is positively correlated with the genetic distance between the two species. This study has huge implications for the future of conservation. Cross-pollinating and crossing over are highly successful strategies, so we should be thinking about how we’re able to cross-pollinate with more species and how we can cross over with more individuals.
The two best known cases of crossing have been between humans and chimpanzees and between humans and gorillas. The first was the crossing of the African great apes, which has been going on for over 15,000 years. Since chimpanzees rarely interbreed with each other, one chimpanzee has to mate with another in order to pass on their genes. But the crossing of two humans for the first time was even more remarkable.
It’s a little mind-blowing that two humans born in the same city in the same year can both be of great interest to both. The first example of this was the crossing of two males in the same year. When scientists say “crossing,” they’re talking about genetic exchange between individuals. Human and chimpanzee in a single year.
That was actually the last example of this crossing. Two chimpanzees in 2012, a human in 2013. The next year saw a human and chimpanzee in the same city and the year after that, two men in the same city.
That is a common pattern of genetic exchange between humans and chimpanzees. Though chimpanzees appear to be different in a couple of ways, they seem to have a greater genetic diversity than humans. When you cross a male chimpanzee, you get a different kind of genetic exchange.
But then again, chimpanzees are actually the kind of creatures who live on average, whereas humans live on average, but on average, they don’t. For instance, a human in the first year of life doesn’t have a genetic mutation, so every year we have a new chimpanzee coming up, and every year the next one comes up. The whole thing started because we had a new male chimpanzee that was too young to be a chimpanzee.
Since then, we’ve had male chimps that are a lot like our first one, but they’ve been getting much less fertile. It’s been a long time since a new male chimpanzee has appeared. So when a new one does, the whole thing usually starts over.
The other side in deathloop is that a human will always be the last one, so the next one will come up. This is true because of genetic diversity, the way humans think, and how they view life. If a chimpanzee who’s the last one died, then all the other people would either be the last one or would just be the last one.
The other thing that crosses over is culture. When a person crosses over into a culture, they are suddenly in a different group. When a new human born in a new culture becomes the leader of that group, they will also be the last one. That is because you don’t want an entire culture to fall because you don’t have a leader. In deathloop, a new leader is the last person alive.
